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2000 Minutes |
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January 10- 11, 2000 Reno, NV Individuals attending
Monday morning, January 10, 2000 The meeting was called to order by the chairman, Mark McGuire, at 8:25 a.m. Secretary's report The first order of business was the introduction of the Committee members. Dr.Ron Pardini welcomed the members to Reno. Dr. Pardini provided a brief insight on the changes in the operations of multi-state research projects. He mentioned that in the future there would be less paper work because most of the things will be handled on the internet. Dr. Pardini congratulated members on project renewal. Dr. Don Palmquist mentioned that the project was renewed with very few changes. M/S Dr. Tom Jenkins/ Dr. Beverly Teter to approve minutes of the 1999-2000 meeting. Motion carried. Dr. Mark McGuire distributed a copy of an article "Fractionated milk fat composition, structure, and functional properties" from Kerry Kaylegian, Wisconsin Center for Dairy Research to the committee members. The summary of this article was that variability in functionality of milk fat can be minimized by fractionation and this will enhance its functionality in confectionery and baked products. Food labeling regulations for fat content of foods by the FDA was discussed. Dr. Palmquist shared proposed rules on food fat labeling. The recommended limit for listing saturated fat content of foods will not change. However, declaration is required for any fat that provides 0.5 g or greater of trans fatty acids per serving. Assuming 3% total trans fatty acids in milk, the recommended daily allowance of milk and cheese for humans would supply less than 0.5 g of trans fatty acids. Dr. Teter distributed calculations on trans fatty acids in dairy products to the committee members. She commented that dairy products are not affected by the declaration rule of 0.5 g trans fatty acids even if the consumption is doubled. Dr. Palmquist asked the opinion of committee members on this rule. The following two points emerged from the discussion: 1. All trans fatty acids are not created equal. 2. The trans fatty acids should be reported on a separate line and not be added to the saturated fatty acids. Dr. Griinari, Dr. McGuire and Dr. Teter pointed out that different isomers of trans fatty acids have different physiological effects. Dr. Bauman responded to this comment by suggesting that a letter should be drafted to FDA as a response from the W-181 committee members. Dr. McGuire distributed an article "Fatty acid profiles needed for dairy foods from the United States" written by Dr. Robert Jensen. Dr. Robert Jensen could not attend the meeting because of health problems. Dr. McGuire reported that CLA content of milk varies among cows, and committee members as a group should study the variation among cows in CLA content of milk. Dr. McGuire requested committee members to send him milk samples for CLA analysis. Administrative remarks: Dr. Ron Pardini noted that Extension and Research has to spend 25% of the Federal research dollars on multi-state research projects. The input from stakeholders into the research project is important. There will be more regional input on national research projects than before. The researchers have to write an impact statement for their project Dr. Pardini encouraged the committee members to submit an impact statement from each project. There will be a national impact statement database called Impact-2000. Dr. Henry F. Tyrell (CSREES Representative) mentioned that the new farm bill ha: brought some changes in the operation of regional research projects and the Western Regional Project is ahead in making these changes. Some of these changes are a; mentioned above by Dr. Pardini; that 25% of the Hatch funding has to be spent or multi-state activities. There is more research funding for integrated activities in the area of water quality and food safety. Last year agriculture received the largest increase it research funding. Estimates of ammonia in the environment indicate that 90% of ammonia comes from livestock and therefore animal agriculture can be considered a point source of ammonia emissions. After the year 2002, the EPA will regulate ammonia emissions. Dr. Bauman pointed out that we need science behind these regulations. Dr Tyrell responded that EPA is under pressure from the non-scientific community and it has to make a decision by 2002. Dr. Tyrell said that the W-181 is the star among regional projects and he praised the members for their efforts. Station reports: University of California, Dr. Edward DePeters discussed the effect of desaturase genotype on milk fatty acid composition. Polymorphism was found in the stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD) gene. Variants were identified as AA, AB, and AB. Cows of the AA genotype for the SCD had higher C 18:0 fatty acid in milk fat compared with AB and BB cows. In two subsequent studies, genotype for SCD had little effect on fatty acid composition of milk fat. Results suggest that polymorphism had no influence on fatty acid composition. Cornell University, Dr. Bauman reported that feeding full fat extruded soybeans increased the concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk fat. Clemson University, South Carolina, Dr. Tom Jenkins discussed effects of oleamide on feed intake and ruminal fatty acid concentrations. Addition of oleamide at a level greater more than 1 % of dietary DM reduced the feed intake of animals. The reduction in feed intake when oleamide is added to the diet can be attributed more to physiological responses than palatability, and the intake depression caused by oleamide lessens over time. Cornell University, Dr. Bauman discussed the role of products of rumen fermentation on milk fat depression (MFD). Two conditions are required to get MFD - a dietary source of unsaturated fatty acids and an altered rumen fermentation that leads to incomplete biohydrogenation. MFD was related to a shift in the pattern of trans C 18:1 isomers resulting in increased concentrations of traps-10 C18:1. Based on research results, Dr. Bauman postulated that traps-10 C18:1 or related metabolites (traps-10 cis- 12 CLA) might be causes of MFD. Abomasal infusion of traps10, cis-12 CLA resulted in 40% reduction in milk fat content and yield. Currently, Dr. Bauman is investigating the mechanisms whereby traps-10, cis- 12 CLA inhibits milk fat synthesis. Dr. Bauman also noted that initial studies suggest that cows have the capacity to convert traps11 C 18:1 to cis-9, traps-11 CLA by endogenous synthesis. The CLA can also be concentrated in milk fat by certain food manufacturing techniques such as the continuous supercritical carbon dioxide system. Concentration was increased by 2.5-fold. Dr. Bauman also reported results from a study investigating the biological effects of different CLA isomers. This study demonstrated that dairy products containing natural CLA were effective anticarcinogens, and that cis-9, trans- 11 CLA isomer possesses the anticarcinogenic effect. France, Dr. Enjalbert reported effects of a wider range of arterial concentrations of trans fatty acids on mammary metabolism and milk composition. Stearic, oleic and linoleic acids were used to obtain wide variation in trans fatty acids. There was a significant positive relationship between trans 11 C 18:1 and cis-9, trans- 11 C 18:2, but there was no relationship between trans- 10 C18:1 and trans- 10, cis- 12 C18:2. University of Idaho, Dr. Mark McGuire reported results from a study aimed at increasing CLA in milk by feeding calcium salts of a commercially available CLA mixture or by infusing them into the abomasum. The protected CLA was fed at 50g/d per head. Feeding or infusing protected CLA into the abomasum decreased milk fat content. The concentrations of cis-9, trans-12 CLA were doubled, and concentrations of other CLA isomers present in the CLA mixture were also detected in milk fat. In another study, concentrations of CLA were 4 to 5 mg/g of fat in meat from deer, elk, and moose but were greater in meat from mountain lions (7 mg/g of fat) and greatest in meat from black bears (9 mg/g of fat). University of Illinois, Dr. Drackley and Dr. Beaulieu reported effects of post ruminal infusion of unsaturated fatty acids as triglycerides or free fatty acids on feed intake, milk production and milk fat synthesis. Both lipid sources linearly decreased feed intake. The free fatty acids were 2.5 times more potent in decreasing feed intake than triglycerides. Milk fat content was increased linearly as the amount of fat infused was increased. Effects of feed restriction on milk components and fatty acid composition were also reported. The results indicate that changes in proportions of different fatty acids in milk fat with abomasal infusion of unsaturated fatty acids may be due to decreased feed intake. However, feed restriction did not influence the particle size of milk fat. In another study feeding soybean oil at 4% of dietary DM increased the CLA content of milk. Comments on the response to FDA on labeling of fat content of foods: Dr. Beverly Teter and Dr. Don Pamquist shared the draft of a letter to the Food and Drug Administration and asked committee members' input. There were three major points to this letter. 1. All trans fatty acids are metabolized differently and have different physiological effects; 2. Trans fatty acids should be labeled separately; 3. Fatty acids less than 12 carbon should not be included as saturated fat on food label. This letter will be signed by all committee members and sent to the Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD before February 15, 2000. Land O'Lakes, Iowa, Dr. Cindie Luhman discussed effects of feeding CLA on cow performance. Feeding CLA as oil at 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 lb. per cow/day reduced feed intake and decreased milk yield. In another study feeding soybean oil and sunflower oil at 2 lb. per day/cow increased the CLA content of milk. OARDC/The Ohio State University, Dr. Don Palmquist discussed the effects of feeding roasted soybeans on the development of oxidized flavor of milk. Feeding roasted soybeans increased the polyunsaturated fatty acid content in milk and increased the susceptibility of milk to spontaneous oxidation. The presence of high copper increased the severity of oxidized flavor. These factors accounted for one-half the variability in oxidized flavor score after storage for 8 days. South Dakota State University, Dr. D. J. Schingoethe reported the effects of feeding fish oil at 1, 2, and 3% of dietary DM on fatty acid composition of milk, including CLA. Feeding fish oil at 2 and 3% of the dietary DM reduced feed intake and milk yield. Adding fish oil decreased milk fat content and enhanced the concentrations of CLA, and omega-3 fatty acids in milk fat. In another study feeding fishmeal to lactating dairy cows increased the CLA content of milk. Dr. Schingoethe also discussed the effects of feeding fish oil on the physical and chemical properties of milk and butter. Milk flavor was similar and acceptable for milk from cows fed diets containing 0 and 2% fish oil. Utah State University, Dr. Tilak R. Dhiman reported effects of CLA enriched cheese on body composition of mice. Mice were fed diets containing low CLA cheese, medium CLA cheese, high CLA cheese or low CLA cheese plus a mixture of synthetic CLA. The CLA contents of diets were 0.12, 0.33, 0.53, and 0.53 mg/g of fat in low, medium, high and synthetic CLA treatments. Feeding CLA enriched cheese did not influence the body composition of mice. Feeding synthetic CLA to mice reduced body fat by 57% compared with mice fed high CLA cheese. Election of Secretary M/S Dr. Drackley/ Dr. McGuire to nominate Dr. Cindie Luhman for secretary. Motion passed. After her term as secretary, Dr. Luhman will serve as Chair in 2002. Date and Location of Meeting The next meeting is schedule for January 8 - 9, 2001, in Reno. Other business
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